What is Spring?
Spring is an open source development framework for enterprise Java. The core features of the Spring Framework can be used in developing any Java application, but there are extensions for building web applications on top of the Java EE platform. Spring framework targets to make J2EE development easier to use and promote good programming practice by enabling a POJO-based programming model. Check out spring online training demo sessions here.
What are benefits of using spring?
Following is the list of few of the great benefits of using Spring Framework:
Lightweight − Spring is lightweight when it comes to size and transparency. The basic version of spring framework is around 2MB.
Inversion of control (IOC) − Loose coupling is achieved in spring using the technique Inversion of Control. The objects give their dependencies instead of creating or looking for dependent objects.
Aspect oriented (AOP) − Spring supports Aspect oriented programming and enables cohesive development by separating application business logic from system services.
Container − Spring contains and manages the life cycle and configuration of application objects.
MVC Framework − Spring’s web framework is a well-designed web MVC framework, which provides a great alternative to web frameworks such as Struts or other over engineered or less popular web frameworks.
Transaction Management − Spring provides a consistent transaction management interface that can scale down to a local transaction (using a single database, for example) and scale up to global transactions (using JTA, for example).
Exception Handling − Spring provides a convenient API to translate technology-specific exceptions (thrown by JDBC, Hibernate, or JDO, for example) into consistent, unchecked exceptions.
What are the different modules in Spring framework?
Following are the modules of the Spring framework:
Core module
Bean module
Context module
Expression Language module
JDBC module
ORM module
OXM module
Java Messaging Service(JMS) module
Transaction module
Web module
Web-Servlet module
Web-Struts module
Web-Portlet module
What is Spring configuration file?
Spring configuration file is an XML file. This file contains the classes information and describes how these classes are configured and introduced to each other.
What is Dependency Injection?
Inversion of Control (IoC) is a general concept, and it can be expressed in many different ways and Dependency Injection is merely one concrete example of Inversion of Control.
This concept says that you do not create your objects but describe how they should be created. You don’t directly connect your components and services together in code but describe which services are needed by which components in a configuration file. A container (the IOC container) is then responsible for hooking it all up.
What are the different types of IoC (dependency injection)?
Types of IoC are −
- Constructor-based dependency injection − Constructor-based DI is accomplished when the container invokes a class constructor with a number of arguments, each representing a dependency on other class.
- Setter-based dependency injection − Setter-based DI is accomplished by the container calling setter methods on your beans after invoking a no-argument constructor or no-argument static factory method to instantiate your bean.
Which DI would you suggest Constructor-based or setter-based DI?
Since you can mix both, Constructor- and Setter-based DI, it is a good rule of thumb to use constructor arguments for mandatory dependencies and setters for optional dependencies. Note that the use of a @Required annotation on a setter can be used to make setters required dependencies.
What are the benefits of IOC?
The main benefits of IOC or dependency injection are −
It minimizes the amount of code in your application.
It makes your application easy to test as it doesn’t require any singletons or JNDI lookup mechanisms in your unit test cases.
Loose coupling is promoted with minimal effort and least intrusive mechanism.
IOC containers support eager instantiation and lazy loading of services.
What is AOP?
Aspect-oriented programming, or AOP, is a programming technique that allows programmers to modularize crosscutting concerns, or behavior that cuts across the typical divisions of responsibility, such as logging and transaction management. The core construct of AOP is the aspect, which encapsulates behaviors affecting multiple classes into reusable modules.
What is Spring IoC container?
The Spring IoC creates the objects, wire them together, configure them, and manage their complete lifecycle from creation till destruction. The Spring container uses dependency injection (DI) to manage the components that make up an application.
Give an example of BeanFactory implementation.
The most commonly used BeanFactory implementation is the XmlBeanFactory class. This container reads the configuration metadata from an XML file and uses it to create a fully configured system or application.
What are Spring beans?
The objects that form the backbone of your application and that are managed by the Spring IoC container are called beans. A bean is an object that is instantiated, assembled, and otherwise managed by a Spring IoC container. These beans are created with the configuration metadata that you supply to the container, for example, in the form of XML <bean/> definitions.
How do you define a bean scope?
When defining a <bean> in Spring, you have the option of declaring a scope for that bean. For example, to force Spring to produce a new bean instance each time one is needed, you should declare the bean’s scope attribute to be prototype. Similar way if you want Spring to return the same bean instance each time one is needed, you should declare the bean’s scope attribute to be singleton.
What is default scope of bean in Spring framework?
The default scope of bean is Singleton for Spring framework.
Are Singleton beans thread safe in Spring Framework?
No, singleton beans are not thread-safe in Spring framework.
What are inner beans in Spring?
A <bean/> element inside the <property/> or <constructor-arg/> elements defines a so-called inner bean. An inner bean definition does not require a defined id or name; the container ignores these values. It also ignores the scope flag. Inner beans are always anonymous and they are always scoped as prototypes.
What is bean auto wiring?
The Spring container is able to autowire relationships between collaborating beans. This means that it is possible to automatically let Spring resolve collaborators (other beans) for your bean by inspecting the contents of the BeanFactory without using <constructor-arg> and <property> elements.
What is Annotation-based container configuration?
An alternative to XML setups is provided by annotation-based configuration which relies on the bytecode metadata for wiring up components instead of angle-bracket declarations. Instead of using XML to describe a bean wiring, the developer moves the configuration into the component class itself by using annotations on the relevant class, method, or field declaration.
How do you turn on annotation wiring?
Annotation wiring is not turned on in the Spring container by default. So, before we can use annotation-based wiring, we will need to enable it in our Spring configuration file by configuring <context:annotation-config/>.
What does @Required annotation mean?
This annotation simply indicates that the affected bean property must be populated at configuration time, through an explicit property value in a bean definition or through autowiring. The container throws BeanInitializationException if the affected bean property has not been populated.
What does @Autowired annotation mean?
This annotation provides more fine-grained control over where and how autowiring should be accomplished. The @Autowired annotation can be used to autowire bean on the setter method just like @Required annotation, constructor, a property or methods with arbitrary names and/or multiple arguments.
What does @Qualifier annotation mean?
There may be a situation when you create more than one bean of the same type and want to wire only one of them with a property, in such case you can use @Qualifier annotation along with @Autowired to remove the confusion by specifying which exact bean will be wired.
What is Spring Java Based Configuration? Give some annotation example.
Java based configuration option enables you to write most of your Spring configuration without XML but with the help of few Java-based annotations.
For example: Annotation @Configuration indicates that the class can be used by the Spring IoC container as a source of bean definitions. The @Bean annotation tells Spring that a method annotated with @Bean will return an object that should be registered as a bean in the Spring application context.
How is event handling done in Spring?
Event handling in the ApplicationContext is provided through the ApplicationEvent class and ApplicationListener interface. So if a bean implements the ApplicationListener, then every time an ApplicationEvent gets published to the ApplicationContext, that bean is notified.
Reference: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/spring/spring_interview_questions.htm
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